Rivers are one of the most dynamic water cycle components of the earth surface and hold fundamental economic and ecological significance for the development of human societies 1, 2, ecosystem sustainability 3, and regional climate 4. Our findings suggest that the recent river extent dynamics diverge based on hydroclimate and socio-economic conditions, and besides reflecting ongoing morphodynamical processes, river extent changes show close connections with external forcings, including climate change and anthropogenic interference.

The remaining hydrological signals were characterized by contrasting hotspots, including prominent river widening in alpine and pan-Arctic regions and narrowing in the arid/semi-arid continental interiors, driven by varying trends in climate forcing, cryospheric response to warming, and human water management. Booming reservoir constructions, mostly skewed in Asia and South America, contributed to ~32% of the river widening. Morphological dynamics prevailed in ~20% of the global river area. By analyzing water extent variations observed from four-decade Landsat imagery, we here provide a global attribution of the recent changes in river regime to morphological dynamics (e.g., channel shifting and anabranching), expansion induced by new dams, and hydrological signals of widening and narrowing. River flow regimes are constantly changing, but characterizing and understanding such changes have been challenging from a long-term and global perspective. Strategies varied, but the goal remained unchanged: freedom and equality.Rivers are among the most diverse, dynamic, and productive ecosystems on Earth. This exhibit explores the methods used by Africans and their American-born descendants to resist enslavement, as well as to demand emancipation and full participation in American society. African Americans repeatedly questioned how their owners could consider themselves noble in their own fight for independence from England while simultaneously believing that it was wrong for slaves to do the same. When Thomas Jefferson penned the words, “All men are created equal,” he could not possibly have envisioned how literally his own slaves and others would take his words. The European, American, and African slave traders engaged in the lucrative trade in humans, and the politicians and businessmen who supported them, did not intend to put into motion a chain of events that would motivate the captives and their descendants to fight for full citizenship in the United States of America. Still others seemingly acquiesced and learned to survive in servitude. Some sought and succeeded in gaining liberty through various legal means such as “good service” to their masters, self-purchase, or military service.

In the New World there were those who ran away from their owners, ran away among the Indians, formed maroon societies, revolted, feigned sickness, or participated in work slow downs. Others mutinied on board slave trading vessels, or cast themselves into the ocean. Some African captives resisted enslavement by fleeing from slave forts on the West African coast. During the course of the slave trade, millions of Africans became involuntary immigrants to the New World.

Nat tuner in brazil 2